PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used.
The Generic Structure/Formula :

* Active : S + Vactive + O
* Passive : O + to be + V3 + by + S

Passive Voice in Tenses :
1. Simple Present Tense
· Active : V1(es/s)
· Passive : To be(is, am, are) + V3
2. Past tense
· Active : V2(ed)
· Passive : To be(was, were) + V3
3. Past Continous Tense
· Active : To be(is, am, are) + Ving
To be(was, were) + Ving
· Passive : To be(is, am, are) + Being V3
To be(was, were) + Being V3
4. Present Perfect Continous Tense
· Active : been + Ving
· Passive : been + being V3
5. Future Tense
· Active : Be + Ving
· Passive : Be + being V3
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FINITE VERB

Finite Verb
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tenses according to the ruler and categories of languages in which it occurs.
· Finite verb can form “Indenpendent Clause” which constand by their own as complete sentences
· An Independent clause is a complete sentences it contain the main subject and verb of asentences
· In English only verb in contain mob the finite.These includes.
→ Indicate mood : expressing state of appairs in indicativemood finite verb is must used verb.
Example : Elis is going to shop
→ Imperative mood , giving a command
example : Help me please !!!
Don't do that !!!
Verb – Finite / Non Finite
Finite Verb
A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural)
For example :
I lived in Germany. (I is the subject-lived describes what the subject did-lived is a finite verb).
Non-Finite Verbs
A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinite (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.
For example :
I lived in Germany to improve my German.(To improve is in the infinite form-improve is non-finite).
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INTRODUCTORY IT

We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)
It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)
It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)
It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)
It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
It is dangerous to play with fire.
It could be dangerous to drive so fast.
Note that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.
To err is human. (OR It is human to err.)
To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition. (OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.)
To invest all your money in shares is foolish. (OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.)
When the subject is a gerund phrase
When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’
It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the manager won’t be any good.)
It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good?)
It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)
Note that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.
It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.
It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.
Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?
Many of these sentences can also be re-written as exclamatory sentences.
How silly of you to throw away this opportunity!
When the subject is a clause
When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying ‘That he was once a communist is true’, we say, ‘It is true that he was once a communist’.
It does not matter whether he comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
It is required that he should pay the fine. (That he should pay the fine is required.)
It is clear that he overheard our conversation. (That he overheard our conversation is clear.)
It is clear that you are not interested in this offer. (That you are not interested in the offer is clear.)
It cannot be denied that they tried their best to help him. (That they tried their best to help him cannot be denied. )
It doesn’t matter whether we buy it now or later. (Whether we buy it now or later does not matter. )
Introductory it with seem, appear and look
Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.
It looked doubtful whether she would come
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It seems possible that she may quit the job.
It appeared unwise to offend him.
It does not seem much good going on with the work.
Introductory it as an object
It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.
Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?
I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
I think it odd that she doesn’t write to me these days.
I think it a pity that she could not win.
We think it improper that he should be so dictatorial.
He made it clear what he wanted.
I find it difficult to talk to him.
Introductory it in questions
The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.
Who was it that broke the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.
Why was it that he stole the bread?
It was because he was poor that he stole the bread.
When was it that the manager came?
It was at 10 am that the manager came.
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ASKING FOR INFORMATION

Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for..
These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…
Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English
1. What is this? This is a tableThis is a table
2. What is that? That is a chair.
3. What’s this? It’s a pen.
4. What’s that? It’s an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. King? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Knight? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Johnny? He’s in the house.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 9:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s delicious.
Information about company
What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?
Information about products
Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.
Information about Price
What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?
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INVITATION (WRITTEN)

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.



There are two types of invitation.
They are Formal Invitation and Informal Invitation.
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.


How to Write An Invitation?

Step 1
Before you write an invitation, decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.

Step 2
Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.

Step 3
Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'

Step 4
Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.

Step 5
Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.
R.S.V.P. which means "please reply.“The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?

Step 6
Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.

Step 7
Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.


Example :
Extending Invitation :
- Let’s go to the Keroncong Festival!
- Please try to come!
- I hope you’ll join us!
- If you are not busy, pleased come to my party!
- Shall we see the film?
- I would like to invite you come to my house!

Accepting Invitation :
- Great! Let’s do it!
- Thank you. I’d like to!
- That’s a good idea!
- That would be very nice!
- Thank you for invitation!

Declining /refusing Invitation :
- I’m really sorry about that.
- Sorry. I can’t. I have to do something.
- I’d love to. But I can’t.
- Sorry. I really busy.
(If you declining an invitation, please give a reason)
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ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT

Sekarang kita bakal membahas tentang Asking if Someone Remembers or Not...

1. Formal expressions:

- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?

* Ways to respond:

- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.

2. Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t remember

* Ways to respond:

- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.

* Respond if you forget:

- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m afraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Emmm, let me think. No, it’s gone.
- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example :
It was Sunday morning, Tia got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Tia : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Tia : Oh, my goodness. I thought it’s a school day ! Read More...

OFFERING

Offering may refer to:

* Offering, a collection of donations during religious worship, see alms, tithe or charity
* Offering, a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life
* Offering (Buddhism), a part of devotional practice
* Securities offering, a discrete round of investment, usually regulated in the United States by the Securities Act of 1933

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
E Example :
Karina : Would you like a cup of tea, Mrs. Rita ?
Mrs. Rita : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Karina : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

* Ways to say it

* * Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Tarno?
* Would you care some salad?

* Offering to friends:

* * Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

* Less formal expressions:

* * Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

* Declining an offering

* * No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

* Accepting an offering:

* * Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
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